1 00:00:29,230 --> 00:00:07,200 [Music] 2 00:00:34,150 --> 00:00:31,849 greetings and welcome to all of my 3 00:00:37,910 --> 00:00:34,160 fellow passengers on the spaceship earth 4 00:00:41,150 --> 00:00:37,920 this is the show ask an astrobiologist 5 00:00:43,729 --> 00:00:41,160 the NASA Astrobiology funded show where 6 00:00:46,279 --> 00:00:43,739 we talk to scientists from around the 7 00:00:48,380 --> 00:00:46,289 world who are doing advanced research in 8 00:00:51,290 --> 00:00:48,390 astrobiology and trying to figure out 9 00:00:54,170 --> 00:00:51,300 those big questions about are we alone 10 00:00:56,959 --> 00:00:54,180 what is life how do we find life on 11 00:00:59,150 --> 00:00:56,969 other worlds and how do we explore for 12 00:01:00,740 --> 00:00:59,160 life beyond our own solar system these 13 00:01:03,170 --> 00:01:00,750 are all very big questions and there's a 14 00:01:04,910 --> 00:01:03,180 lot of people who are trying to answer 15 00:01:07,910 --> 00:01:04,920 them right now along with us as we 16 00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:07,920 travel around our little star I am dr. 17 00:01:12,230 --> 00:01:09,810 Graham Lau one of your co-hosts of the 18 00:01:14,510 --> 00:01:12,240 show the other co-host is dr. Sanjay 19 00:01:17,270 --> 00:01:14,520 Psalm we take turns going back and forth 20 00:01:21,050 --> 00:01:17,280 once each month talking to another 21 00:01:23,300 --> 00:01:21,060 awesome guest astrobiologists our show 22 00:01:25,249 --> 00:01:23,310 is also sponsored by Sagan net org 23 00:01:27,499 --> 00:01:25,259 chances are most of you right now are 24 00:01:29,830 --> 00:01:27,509 watching this either on Sagan networks 25 00:01:33,260 --> 00:01:29,840 live stream or the NASA Astrobiology 26 00:01:35,510 --> 00:01:33,270 Facebook page before we get to today's 27 00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:35,520 special guests though and talk a lot 28 00:01:38,690 --> 00:01:37,770 about astrobiology we have some fun 29 00:01:41,690 --> 00:01:38,700 stuff to do first 30 00:01:43,730 --> 00:01:41,700 like our monthly background quiz so you 31 00:01:46,910 --> 00:01:43,740 might notice behind me right now is a 32 00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:46,920 cool picture of some Astro biologically 33 00:01:53,090 --> 00:01:50,310 relevant place on the planet and every 34 00:01:56,209 --> 00:01:53,100 month we ask you on the interwebs to 35 00:01:58,940 --> 00:01:56,219 tell us what this is a picture of and so 36 00:02:01,789 --> 00:01:58,950 the picture from last month was a pretty 37 00:02:05,359 --> 00:02:01,799 cool spot that actually occurs in the 38 00:02:08,749 --> 00:02:05,369 Olien Islands in Italy this is the Gran 39 00:02:12,260 --> 00:02:08,759 Cottier it is a volcanic island it's 40 00:02:13,440 --> 00:02:12,270 actually called volcano or Vulcan and 41 00:02:15,780 --> 00:02:13,450 this is where 42 00:02:18,449 --> 00:02:15,790 the name for volcano first originated 43 00:02:22,170 --> 00:02:18,459 from from this one volcano on this 44 00:02:25,110 --> 00:02:22,180 island and so the Roman god of fire both 45 00:02:28,559 --> 00:02:25,120 good and bad fire was Vulcan you might 46 00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:28,569 also know for the start that the planet 47 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:30,730 Vulcan was in the show Star Trek where 48 00:02:35,339 --> 00:02:33,610 Spock came from there was actually a 49 00:02:37,650 --> 00:02:35,349 point in time in our own history where 50 00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:37,660 scientists thought a planet that they 51 00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:40,450 called Vulcan was very close to our Sun 52 00:02:44,759 --> 00:02:42,970 but it turns out on the reason that they 53 00:02:47,250 --> 00:02:44,769 hypothesized that is because the orbit 54 00:02:49,710 --> 00:02:47,260 of mercury seems very strange for our 55 00:02:51,270 --> 00:02:49,720 knowledge of physics at that time but it 56 00:02:52,979 --> 00:02:51,280 turns out we didn't need a planet name 57 00:02:53,819 --> 00:02:52,989 walking close to the Sun to explain 58 00:02:57,360 --> 00:02:53,829 Mercury's orbit 59 00:02:59,190 --> 00:02:57,370 what we really need was relativity but 60 00:03:01,589 --> 00:02:59,200 so thank you very much for everyone who 61 00:03:04,259 --> 00:03:01,599 went to Twitter and told us where that 62 00:03:07,380 --> 00:03:04,269 picture was located as usual we take a 63 00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:07,390 1st 2nd and 3rd place winner for those 64 00:03:13,319 --> 00:03:09,970 who got the answer right our third place 65 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:13,329 winner this month is ismael a Costa who 66 00:03:17,250 --> 00:03:15,610 is now one of the new young scientist 67 00:03:19,559 --> 00:03:17,260 with the blue marble space Institute of 68 00:03:22,050 --> 00:03:19,569 Science Ismael will get some NASA 69 00:03:24,289 --> 00:03:22,060 stickers for taking third place our 70 00:03:26,910 --> 00:03:24,299 second place winner is Elizabeth Hutton 71 00:03:29,009 --> 00:03:26,920 Elizabeth will get our NASA stickers as 72 00:03:32,340 --> 00:03:29,019 well as some of the graphic histories 73 00:03:34,500 --> 00:03:32,350 from NASA Astrobiology and then our 74 00:03:37,770 --> 00:03:34,510 first place winner this month is Henry 75 00:03:39,420 --> 00:03:37,780 and a Lou Cox and Henrietta will get the 76 00:03:42,210 --> 00:03:39,430 stickers as well as the graphic 77 00:03:44,849 --> 00:03:42,220 histories and also a second net drinking 78 00:03:47,190 --> 00:03:44,859 glass so congratulations to all three of 79 00:03:49,410 --> 00:03:47,200 our winners we're also now doing 80 00:03:51,330 --> 00:03:49,420 something new where we nominate an 81 00:03:53,550 --> 00:03:51,340 ambassador of the month someone who's 82 00:03:56,099 --> 00:03:53,560 really worked hard to ask a lot of 83 00:03:57,780 --> 00:03:56,109 questions to share information about the 84 00:04:00,770 --> 00:03:57,790 upcoming episode and about our upcoming 85 00:04:03,479 --> 00:04:00,780 special guests and this month our 86 00:04:07,620 --> 00:04:03,489 ambassador of the month is astrobiology 87 00:04:09,270 --> 00:04:07,630 tweets at Astro bio times on Twitter so 88 00:04:10,770 --> 00:04:09,280 thank you very much for all of your 89 00:04:12,569 --> 00:04:10,780 support and sharing our show and the 90 00:04:15,599 --> 00:04:12,579 things that we're doing so without 91 00:04:18,870 --> 00:04:15,609 further ado let me introduce our special 92 00:04:20,699 --> 00:04:18,880 guests for this month our guest is a 93 00:04:24,890 --> 00:04:20,709 research scientist at the earth Life 94 00:04:27,420 --> 00:04:24,900 Science Institute in Tokyo he is dr. 95 00:04:29,850 --> 00:04:27,430 Yasuhito 96 00:04:31,740 --> 00:04:29,860 and he's joining us now from Tokyo so so 97 00:04:32,420 --> 00:04:31,750 dr. Simon a thank you very much for 98 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:32,430 being here 99 00:04:39,090 --> 00:04:35,770 hi I mean yes this again yeah 100 00:04:41,730 --> 00:04:39,100 I'm very happy to be here nice to meet 101 00:04:43,470 --> 00:04:41,740 you great to have you on the show in ask 102 00:04:44,820 --> 00:04:43,480 an astrobiologist we have a lot of 103 00:04:47,340 --> 00:04:44,830 questions from the audience that we'll 104 00:04:48,870 --> 00:04:47,350 get to eventually so for our audience 105 00:04:50,909 --> 00:04:48,880 watching at home as we have our 106 00:04:52,470 --> 00:04:50,919 conversation if you'd like to ask some 107 00:04:55,560 --> 00:04:52,480 questions you can use the hashtag ask 108 00:04:58,260 --> 00:04:55,570 Astro bio on Twitter or ask directly on 109 00:05:00,480 --> 00:04:58,270 the live streams but first let's talk a 110 00:05:03,180 --> 00:05:00,490 bit about your research and what you do 111 00:05:07,379 --> 00:05:03,190 at LC what things really drive you right 112 00:05:11,219 --> 00:05:07,389 now in astrobiology yeah I'm currently 113 00:05:14,550 --> 00:05:11,229 doing the science about ocean wars in 114 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:14,560 the solar system so also it's not the 115 00:05:21,450 --> 00:05:18,370 only planetary Valley that as look at 116 00:05:25,080 --> 00:05:21,460 water then we have multiple ocean wars 117 00:05:27,950 --> 00:05:25,090 in the outer solar system such as chief 118 00:05:31,830 --> 00:05:27,960 judgment new robber nganimate it and 119 00:05:35,580 --> 00:05:31,840 Saturn's moon Enceladus and item those 120 00:05:39,990 --> 00:05:35,590 actually supplies a mainly composed of a 121 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:40,000 mixture of ice and rock and surface 122 00:05:46,320 --> 00:05:43,450 temperature is extremely cold less than 123 00:05:51,390 --> 00:05:46,330 minus hundred degrees Celsius but an 124 00:05:54,420 --> 00:05:51,400 interior can be warmed up by eating from 125 00:05:58,680 --> 00:05:54,430 the rock component so now we know that 126 00:06:02,550 --> 00:05:58,690 some of these ice moons Jupiter's moon 127 00:06:05,340 --> 00:06:02,560 Saturn's moon have such sampras ocean 128 00:06:08,370 --> 00:06:05,350 look at ocean beneath the icy crust so 129 00:06:09,990 --> 00:06:08,380 i'm now doing the research about the 130 00:06:13,620 --> 00:06:10,000 ocean world in the solar system 131 00:06:18,450 --> 00:06:13,630 especially focusing on the icy South 132 00:06:20,070 --> 00:06:18,460 whiteboard very interesting so what got 133 00:06:21,930 --> 00:06:20,080 you interested in that research in the 134 00:06:27,659 --> 00:06:21,940 first place in looking at these icy 135 00:06:31,110 --> 00:06:27,669 worlds up yeah so what was what what 136 00:06:35,130 --> 00:06:31,120 inspired you to do this research okay so 137 00:06:38,310 --> 00:06:35,140 the major reason is that those icy moon 138 00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:38,320 has like it what it the as you may know 139 00:06:41,730 --> 00:06:40,210 the wicked water is 140 00:06:44,969 --> 00:06:41,740 ingredient for life one of the 141 00:06:48,270 --> 00:06:44,979 ingredients for life the astrobiologists 142 00:06:51,230 --> 00:06:48,280 to consider that the there are three 143 00:06:54,629 --> 00:06:51,240 fundamental ingredient for life that 144 00:06:57,839 --> 00:06:54,639 wide-legged water the second one is 145 00:07:03,779 --> 00:06:57,849 organic materials and third one is 146 00:07:08,460 --> 00:07:03,789 energy for the driving the life activity 147 00:07:11,309 --> 00:07:08,470 so those icy moons have okay water so 148 00:07:14,400 --> 00:07:11,319 we're considering that one of the 149 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:14,410 possible habitable price in a solar 150 00:07:25,620 --> 00:07:18,570 system so that's a my major motivation 151 00:07:28,140 --> 00:07:25,630 about icy el-shabazz that's very cool so 152 00:07:30,620 --> 00:07:28,150 if i can let's take a step back and 153 00:07:32,939 --> 00:07:30,630 consider so what was your career path 154 00:07:35,129 --> 00:07:32,949 where did you go to school and what did 155 00:07:37,170 --> 00:07:35,139 you study - now become a scientist that 156 00:07:41,610 --> 00:07:37,180 you are yeah 157 00:07:45,659 --> 00:07:41,620 the the first I when I was hindered 158 00:07:49,710 --> 00:07:45,669 heinous girl in school my father gave me 159 00:07:51,870 --> 00:07:49,720 a book of stir and book of life those 160 00:07:57,810 --> 00:07:51,880 are my favorite things 161 00:08:00,930 --> 00:07:57,820 so I since my childhood I had been very 162 00:08:06,050 --> 00:08:00,940 interested in both space and life so 163 00:08:09,420 --> 00:08:06,060 when I enter into the undergrad I 164 00:08:12,209 --> 00:08:09,430 noticed that there is a new research 165 00:08:16,770 --> 00:08:12,219 field of astrobiology in the university 166 00:08:21,270 --> 00:08:16,780 so I entered into the yeah 167 00:08:24,629 --> 00:08:21,280 astrobiology research good and yeah I 168 00:08:28,980 --> 00:08:24,639 get a PhD at University of Tokyo and 169 00:08:32,010 --> 00:08:28,990 you're in my graduate school I went to 170 00:08:38,790 --> 00:08:32,020 United States I worked in NASA Ames 171 00:08:42,930 --> 00:08:38,800 Research Center in 2004 to 2005 2005 so 172 00:08:46,440 --> 00:08:42,940 the timing is just overlapping with the 173 00:08:52,130 --> 00:08:46,450 cast the beginning of Cassini mission so 174 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:52,140 just so that my state of the research of 175 00:08:56,550 --> 00:08:54,010 IC o---- Shores 176 00:09:00,360 --> 00:08:56,560 and also the mindset of international 177 00:09:03,030 --> 00:09:00,370 collaboration and it's awesome yeah I 178 00:09:08,220 --> 00:09:03,040 was an intern at NASA Ames in 2007 so 179 00:09:09,630 --> 00:09:08,230 close we're there so so what kinds of 180 00:09:12,210 --> 00:09:09,640 missions have you been involved with 181 00:09:13,740 --> 00:09:12,220 then if you're working at Ames and now 182 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:13,750 you've been studying icy worlds have you 183 00:09:17,430 --> 00:09:15,010 have you been involved with various 184 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:17,440 missions with NASA or the European Space 185 00:09:25,770 --> 00:09:22,330 Agency or even JAXA yeah the since 2004 186 00:09:28,740 --> 00:09:25,780 I was working with researchers who are 187 00:09:32,130 --> 00:09:28,750 involved in the Cassini mission the 188 00:09:36,780 --> 00:09:32,140 Cassini mission is the mission for 189 00:09:40,620 --> 00:09:36,790 Saturn and its icing moon and I'm also 190 00:09:45,210 --> 00:09:40,630 now involved in a Jax's mission I have 191 00:09:50,780 --> 00:09:45,220 two mission and also is as euros mission 192 00:09:59,430 --> 00:09:55,350 Jovian system and will be orbiting 193 00:10:03,000 --> 00:09:59,440 around animating one of the icy moon 194 00:10:06,390 --> 00:10:03,010 objective so now I'm involved in these 195 00:10:09,690 --> 00:10:06,400 two missions and also yeah I'm working 196 00:10:15,060 --> 00:10:09,700 with some researchers in US and Europe 197 00:10:19,950 --> 00:10:15,070 to consider a future mission to icy moon 198 00:10:21,090 --> 00:10:19,960 and also Mars and it's also sounds like 199 00:10:22,830 --> 00:10:21,100 you have a lot of international 200 00:10:24,810 --> 00:10:22,840 collaboration than having worked with 201 00:10:28,320 --> 00:10:24,820 other researchers from various nations 202 00:10:31,170 --> 00:10:28,330 and various space agencies what is that 203 00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:31,180 like is it difficult with language 204 00:10:35,910 --> 00:10:34,210 barriers and cultural barriers or do you 205 00:10:39,510 --> 00:10:35,920 have is it easy because you're 206 00:10:42,180 --> 00:10:39,520 discussing science with people yeah the 207 00:10:46,260 --> 00:10:42,190 language barrier is relatively yeah 208 00:10:50,970 --> 00:10:46,270 being for me but yeah if we have a same 209 00:10:54,510 --> 00:10:50,980 science background we can talk through 210 00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:54,520 the not only the words but also 211 00:11:00,060 --> 00:10:56,650 including the body language of something 212 00:11:01,910 --> 00:11:00,070 so I think that if we have same science 213 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:01,920 background yeah we can do it 214 00:11:07,050 --> 00:11:04,330 international collaboration but the 215 00:11:10,830 --> 00:11:07,060 language value is still high for me so 216 00:11:13,530 --> 00:11:10,840 the in native native yes English 217 00:11:16,980 --> 00:11:13,540 speakers the two or three talk to each 218 00:11:20,580 --> 00:11:16,990 other I can understand only 70 percent 219 00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:20,590 of the one sentence so the if several 220 00:11:28,680 --> 00:11:25,330 conversations continues 70 percent times 221 00:11:31,880 --> 00:11:28,690 70 percent times 70 percent goes to 222 00:11:35,850 --> 00:11:31,890 almost zero so I sometime lost the 223 00:11:39,900 --> 00:11:35,860 discussion but yeah I try to catch them 224 00:11:44,750 --> 00:11:39,910 the by doing the I asking question then 225 00:11:46,470 --> 00:11:44,760 so then I I can follow their discussion 226 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:46,480 interesting yeah that's awesome 227 00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:48,010 at least you can you can you know 228 00:11:52,950 --> 00:11:50,830 maintain the conversation then so you 229 00:11:54,870 --> 00:11:52,960 did you did mention Hayabusa boots or to 230 00:11:57,750 --> 00:11:54,880 which which I offer our audience is a 231 00:11:59,880 --> 00:11:57,760 right now visiting ryugu on asteroid in 232 00:12:02,070 --> 00:11:59,890 our solar system and you also mentioned 233 00:12:03,929 --> 00:12:02,080 Mars so it sounds like you're doing a 234 00:12:07,619 --> 00:12:03,939 lot of things in icy worlds and 235 00:12:09,899 --> 00:12:07,629 asteroids and Mars is that difficult to 236 00:12:14,159 --> 00:12:09,909 study so many different planetary 237 00:12:19,139 --> 00:12:14,169 processes not much because that my focus 238 00:12:23,299 --> 00:12:19,149 is water the water and its chemical 239 00:12:26,819 --> 00:12:23,309 reaction is my background so I I'm 240 00:12:29,509 --> 00:12:26,829 geochemist and doing the laboratory 241 00:12:34,619 --> 00:12:29,519 experiment or numerical modeling of 242 00:12:38,039 --> 00:12:34,629 water rock reaction or water the ribbon 243 00:12:41,449 --> 00:12:38,049 chemical reaction so this water or 244 00:12:44,129 --> 00:12:41,459 chemical reaction already ubiquitous 245 00:12:47,849 --> 00:12:44,139 among these point their body for example 246 00:12:50,909 --> 00:12:47,859 the you goo is just a small isolated but 247 00:12:53,699 --> 00:12:50,919 if we consider that the you was one of 248 00:12:57,629 --> 00:12:53,709 the first of the relatively large parent 249 00:13:01,739 --> 00:12:57,639 body which called the prime decimal the 250 00:13:04,819 --> 00:13:01,749 front interpretation of the scientist 251 00:13:08,460 --> 00:13:04,829 believes at the liquid water world 252 00:13:11,669 --> 00:13:08,470 active within the parent is Uma and 253 00:13:14,429 --> 00:13:11,679 causes a chemical reaction between water 254 00:13:18,179 --> 00:13:14,439 taking water and rock those chemical 255 00:13:21,119 --> 00:13:18,189 reaction the drop the look at water into 256 00:13:24,599 --> 00:13:21,129 the rock and we can now see the water 257 00:13:28,679 --> 00:13:24,609 bearing minerals criminal called 258 00:13:31,319 --> 00:13:28,689 criminals on the surface of a selected 259 00:13:36,529 --> 00:13:31,329 YouTube so those are really similar on 260 00:13:37,979 --> 00:13:36,539 Mars were icy words or even on our 261 00:13:40,829 --> 00:13:37,989 planet Earth 262 00:13:43,849 --> 00:13:40,839 those chemistry is really ubiquitous so 263 00:13:47,939 --> 00:13:43,859 it's not so difficult to the different 264 00:13:50,399 --> 00:13:47,949 planetary object so yeah I think one 265 00:13:52,699 --> 00:13:50,409 important message to the junior high 266 00:13:56,549 --> 00:13:52,709 school or high school student if they 267 00:13:58,739 --> 00:13:56,559 listen to this program I dress to 268 00:14:01,909 --> 00:13:58,749 suggest that that the very basic 269 00:14:05,489 --> 00:14:01,919 chemistry very basic physics is really 270 00:14:09,059 --> 00:14:05,499 important because if you understand 271 00:14:11,699 --> 00:14:09,069 those very common basic chemistry 272 00:14:15,649 --> 00:14:11,709 physics so sorry liddie ubiquitous and 273 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:15,659 you can do the many signs using the 274 00:14:21,569 --> 00:14:17,890 those fundamental 275 00:14:23,910 --> 00:14:21,579 things so yeah that's a message to high 276 00:14:27,569 --> 00:14:23,920 school students or junior high student 277 00:14:29,880 --> 00:14:27,579 but yeah like asking to your question 278 00:14:33,329 --> 00:14:29,890 yeah yeah it's not so bit very difficult 279 00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:33,339 for me to do the different primary 280 00:14:39,660 --> 00:14:37,420 object research it that's incredible 281 00:14:43,440 --> 00:14:39,670 yeah it's a pretty awesome message for 282 00:14:45,150 --> 00:14:43,450 young people learn the basics so can I 283 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:45,160 can I ask then so a lot of 284 00:14:50,430 --> 00:14:48,250 astrobiologists kind of study you know 285 00:14:52,710 --> 00:14:50,440 extraterrestrial worlds or you know 286 00:14:55,500 --> 00:14:52,720 exoplanets or they do research on earth 287 00:14:57,660 --> 00:14:55,510 but I understand that you besides 288 00:14:59,730 --> 00:14:57,670 studying icy worlds and Mars and Smith 289 00:15:02,460 --> 00:14:59,740 other places that you've also done some 290 00:15:03,990 --> 00:15:02,470 field research on earth I'm wondering if 291 00:15:06,449 --> 00:15:04,000 you can tell us a bit about the places 292 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:06,459 that you've gone and what kind of 293 00:15:11,630 --> 00:15:09,370 research you do on earth to better 294 00:15:15,420 --> 00:15:11,640 understand what's going on out there 295 00:15:17,190 --> 00:15:15,430 yeah I have been doing a field research 296 00:15:21,329 --> 00:15:17,200 on ours 297 00:15:26,180 --> 00:15:21,339 the it's included including the field 298 00:15:30,949 --> 00:15:26,190 research to US Canada Australia 299 00:15:36,090 --> 00:15:30,959 Scandinavians in gear and Central Asia 300 00:15:39,269 --> 00:15:36,100 moon Korea so those are very I mean 301 00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:39,279 different direction of research but I'm 302 00:15:46,980 --> 00:15:43,690 not proceeding the research project of 303 00:15:50,490 --> 00:15:46,990 field research in Moon Warrior because 304 00:15:55,380 --> 00:15:50,500 we consider that the current primates 305 00:15:58,800 --> 00:15:55,390 and hydrological water cycle in moon 306 00:16:00,720 --> 00:15:58,810 warrior may be very similar similar to 307 00:16:03,449 --> 00:16:00,730 being Moors or even current Moore's 308 00:16:06,269 --> 00:16:03,459 condition because as you know that the 309 00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:06,279 moon warrior is really Highland and very 310 00:16:13,199 --> 00:16:09,910 dry and also the memorial mountains have 311 00:16:15,210 --> 00:16:13,209 some permafrost the upon the recent 312 00:16:18,509 --> 00:16:15,220 growth a warming those permafrost is 313 00:16:20,340 --> 00:16:18,519 starting to melting and we're the the 314 00:16:23,550 --> 00:16:20,350 memorial people are worrying about the 315 00:16:25,889 --> 00:16:23,560 Palmer frost melting but I'm considering 316 00:16:30,230 --> 00:16:25,899 that those situation melting of 317 00:16:38,119 --> 00:16:34,249 here maybe very similar to our amorous 318 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:38,129 condition so now we're doing the field 319 00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:38,850 of research 320 00:16:45,710 --> 00:16:41,910 what kind of the hydrological water 321 00:16:50,030 --> 00:16:45,720 cycle is going on on Mars and what kind 322 00:16:54,559 --> 00:16:50,040 of microbial life can survive or related 323 00:16:57,530 --> 00:16:54,569 living there so yeah that's a current 324 00:17:01,239 --> 00:16:57,540 ongoing research projects of the field 325 00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:01,249 of research on our planet 326 00:17:05,689 --> 00:17:04,130 interesting so do you think though the 327 00:17:08,199 --> 00:17:05,699 microorganisms that you're looking at 328 00:17:10,279 --> 00:17:08,209 then are there things that they're doing 329 00:17:11,919 --> 00:17:10,289 creating minerals or creating 330 00:17:14,870 --> 00:17:11,929 biomolecules things that we can then 331 00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:14,880 maybe with Mars 2020 or an upcoming 332 00:17:19,309 --> 00:17:17,010 Rover could read that directly look for 333 00:17:22,309 --> 00:17:19,319 some of those signs if there are things 334 00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:22,319 like that on Mars is that possible yeah 335 00:17:26,659 --> 00:17:24,510 I think so because the that we observe 336 00:17:30,649 --> 00:17:26,669 the melting of permafrost and the 337 00:17:33,620 --> 00:17:30,659 permafrost trapped methane gas so 338 00:17:35,990 --> 00:17:33,630 there's a methane crust layer trap 339 00:17:38,450 --> 00:17:36,000 I mean preserving beneath the surface 340 00:17:41,659 --> 00:17:38,460 and upon the melting of permafrost 341 00:17:45,470 --> 00:17:41,669 the methane a bubbling into the toughest 342 00:17:50,419 --> 00:17:45,480 region so that we found some methane 343 00:17:53,750 --> 00:17:50,429 eating bacteria near the surface of the 344 00:17:57,409 --> 00:17:53,760 I mean the in the region where the 345 00:18:00,169 --> 00:17:57,419 permafrost melting occurred so the on 346 00:18:04,279 --> 00:18:00,179 current Mars the there is an argument 347 00:18:08,930 --> 00:18:04,289 that the methane spikes recording on 348 00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:08,940 Mars not but we consider that the such a 349 00:18:16,519 --> 00:18:13,440 really small spikes of methane is very 350 00:18:20,060 --> 00:18:16,529 important to the microbial life because 351 00:18:23,750 --> 00:18:20,070 for some micro by Allah Michael by a 352 00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:23,760 life the methane can be a food or energy 353 00:18:31,490 --> 00:18:27,500 for them so I think yeah the the 354 00:18:39,639 --> 00:18:31,500 memorials the permafrost ecosystem could 355 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:43,039 yeah understanding the ecosystem on such 356 00:18:50,570 --> 00:18:47,330 a dry and cold area is very important 357 00:18:54,019 --> 00:18:50,580 not only for the finding life on Mars 358 00:18:56,419 --> 00:18:54,029 but also to protect Mars wrong 359 00:19:01,129 --> 00:18:56,429 the Earth's contamination it's called 360 00:19:04,129 --> 00:19:01,139 the planting protection if the yeah 361 00:19:06,590 --> 00:19:04,139 bacteria are out here or sound life from 362 00:19:10,220 --> 00:19:06,600 ours to Mars it gonna be a contamination 363 00:19:13,399 --> 00:19:10,230 so we need to avoid such a contamination 364 00:19:15,879 --> 00:19:13,409 we need to protect not only ours but 365 00:19:18,980 --> 00:19:15,889 also we need to protect Mars so 366 00:19:22,010 --> 00:19:18,990 understanding the possible ecosystem of 367 00:19:25,730 --> 00:19:22,020 a hydrological cycle it's very critical 368 00:19:29,750 --> 00:19:25,740 not only to find in the Martian life but 369 00:19:33,289 --> 00:19:29,760 also to protect Mars from Earth or the 370 00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:33,299 contamination mm-hmm interesting yeah 371 00:19:36,560 --> 00:19:34,710 there yeah I do know that there's 372 00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:36,570 someone whose actual title is planetary 373 00:19:41,629 --> 00:19:38,370 protection detection off and that's a 374 00:19:43,909 --> 00:19:41,639 pretty cool title to have can I ask 375 00:19:46,760 --> 00:19:43,919 though since you were in Mongolia doing 376 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:46,770 research you know some of us are lucky 377 00:19:52,010 --> 00:19:48,450 enough to travel to these remote places 378 00:19:54,590 --> 00:19:52,020 on the planet to study you know the 379 00:19:56,810 --> 00:19:54,600 field geology and the microbiology and 380 00:19:59,690 --> 00:19:56,820 to try to understand more about life 381 00:20:02,480 --> 00:19:59,700 here to look for life out there 382 00:20:05,299 --> 00:20:02,490 so what was it like in Mongolia what was 383 00:20:08,409 --> 00:20:05,309 the field research like how remote it 384 00:20:12,500 --> 00:20:08,419 was it how far away from civilization 385 00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:12,510 how long were you there yeah we usually 386 00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:18,090 stayed in the fields one we could to the 387 00:20:22,970 --> 00:20:21,210 the location is very far from the simple 388 00:20:27,529 --> 00:20:22,980 oh man warriors and welcome warriors 389 00:20:30,350 --> 00:20:27,539 lambatos the remoter is yeah the center 390 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:30,360 of man warrior and almost one third of 391 00:20:34,250 --> 00:20:32,490 the people all over the world were 392 00:20:37,610 --> 00:20:34,260 living in Roboto 393 00:20:41,060 --> 00:20:37,620 and to reach to the research field from 394 00:20:45,860 --> 00:20:41,070 the rum bottle it takes three days at 395 00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:45,870 four and we stayed in Gale 396 00:20:53,270 --> 00:20:50,240 do you know Gale it at the kind of camp 397 00:20:57,019 --> 00:20:53,280 tent of the local people the local 398 00:21:01,700 --> 00:20:57,029 camper having tea or 399 00:21:06,889 --> 00:21:01,710 Gold hauls and then they move with them 400 00:21:12,289 --> 00:21:06,899 so we stayed in the girl to the research 401 00:21:13,969 --> 00:21:12,299 and yeah it's a really fantastic 402 00:21:21,820 --> 00:21:13,979 experience 403 00:21:26,239 --> 00:21:21,830 yeah we're now interested in motion 404 00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:26,249 recording not linear which is the dark 405 00:21:34,070 --> 00:21:30,570 story creatures appeared in summer of 406 00:21:38,839 --> 00:21:34,080 Moore's on the steep slope the it's a 407 00:21:41,930 --> 00:21:38,849 nail and dark streaks appeared on the 408 00:21:44,599 --> 00:21:41,940 surface of Mars only during the Sun so 409 00:21:47,859 --> 00:21:44,609 some researchers consider that those are 410 00:21:52,580 --> 00:21:47,869 produced by the melting of permafrost 411 00:21:56,869 --> 00:21:52,590 melting of underground ice during summer 412 00:22:00,109 --> 00:21:56,879 but other research it suggested to that 413 00:22:03,859 --> 00:22:00,119 formed by the dry process so we found 414 00:22:09,589 --> 00:22:03,869 the very similar dark streak feature in 415 00:22:14,180 --> 00:22:09,599 Mongolia and we need to go there to see 416 00:22:17,239 --> 00:22:14,190 how the staff features formed and yeah 417 00:22:22,930 --> 00:22:17,249 what kind of mechanism driving to do to 418 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:22,940 create such a geological features yeah I 419 00:22:33,860 --> 00:22:30,799 you know we have earth atmosphere and 420 00:22:36,770 --> 00:22:33,870 one bar of pressure at the surface where 421 00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:36,780 those are forming is it hard to make 422 00:22:40,640 --> 00:22:38,610 that analogy to what's happening on Mars 423 00:22:44,060 --> 00:22:40,650 to say that these things are similar or 424 00:22:45,470 --> 00:22:44,070 is it really a good analog for what we 425 00:22:48,740 --> 00:22:45,480 might see on Mars with these recurring 426 00:22:51,890 --> 00:22:48,750 slope lineae mm-hmm yeah I think the 427 00:22:56,779 --> 00:22:51,900 major difference is the gravity the 428 00:23:00,409 --> 00:22:56,789 gravity change the velocity of Luckett 429 00:23:02,990 --> 00:23:00,419 draw on the surface so if the velocity 430 00:23:05,659 --> 00:23:03,000 is different the formed geological 431 00:23:08,299 --> 00:23:05,669 features may be totally different so we 432 00:23:12,590 --> 00:23:08,309 need to we need to do the theoretical 433 00:23:17,529 --> 00:23:12,600 work to scale the the whether we can 434 00:23:21,260 --> 00:23:17,539 scale the geological feature on wars 2 435 00:23:24,380 --> 00:23:21,270 euros coefficient on oars to Mars so the 436 00:23:26,990 --> 00:23:24,390 scaling is very important but I think 437 00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:27,000 the major physics or chemistry occurring 438 00:23:32,330 --> 00:23:29,970 on the the permafrost melting air here 439 00:23:35,149 --> 00:23:32,340 would be common between these two 440 00:23:36,919 --> 00:23:35,159 planets interesting that's really 441 00:23:39,289 --> 00:23:36,929 awesome I do want to interrupt real 442 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:39,299 quick and remind the audience you can 443 00:23:44,930 --> 00:23:41,610 ask questions right now for Yasuhito 444 00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:44,940 second hang on our live streams on Sagan 445 00:23:48,740 --> 00:23:46,950 net org on the NASA Astrobiology 446 00:23:51,020 --> 00:23:48,750 Facebook page or you can go over to 447 00:23:53,539 --> 00:23:51,030 Twitter and use ask Esther bio as a 448 00:23:55,370 --> 00:23:53,549 hashtag to ask any questions you have I 449 00:23:57,380 --> 00:23:55,380 see that we already have a whole bunch 450 00:23:59,549 --> 00:23:57,390 coming in so we'll just chat a little 451 00:24:03,240 --> 00:23:59,559 bit longer and 452 00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:03,250 audience questions so dr. second a if I 453 00:24:09,629 --> 00:24:06,490 may I want to change now a little bit to 454 00:24:10,919 --> 00:24:09,639 talk more about you as a person about 455 00:24:13,769 --> 00:24:10,929 the things that you know you do in your 456 00:24:15,749 --> 00:24:13,779 life your hobbies your interests that 457 00:24:19,919 --> 00:24:15,759 help you to make all the science worth 458 00:24:24,269 --> 00:24:19,929 it what things make you happy to go to 459 00:24:28,049 --> 00:24:24,279 show up every day yeah my yeah 460 00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:28,059 major hobbies the do hinder research but 461 00:24:34,919 --> 00:24:31,570 yeah my second hobby is baseball 462 00:24:37,169 --> 00:24:34,929 yeah when I was yeah junior high and the 463 00:24:39,990 --> 00:24:37,179 high school student I prayed baseball 464 00:24:46,019 --> 00:24:40,000 every day and I did not study very much 465 00:24:48,590 --> 00:24:46,029 and currently I do not the baseball very 466 00:24:53,129 --> 00:24:48,600 much but just watching the baseball game 467 00:24:57,060 --> 00:24:53,139 and a TV show with some video beer and 468 00:25:00,330 --> 00:24:57,070 snacks yeah that doesn't my favorite 469 00:25:02,580 --> 00:25:00,340 time in the weekend so for our audience 470 00:25:05,490 --> 00:25:02,590 at home can you tell us how popular is 471 00:25:06,899 --> 00:25:05,500 baseball in Japan and are there is there 472 00:25:10,830 --> 00:25:06,909 a specific team that you think is the 473 00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:10,840 best yeah and in Japan the baseball is 474 00:25:20,119 --> 00:25:14,610 very one of the most popular sports and 475 00:25:23,850 --> 00:25:20,129 I'm very fond of Hiroshima cork which is 476 00:25:28,889 --> 00:25:23,860 yeah the Hiroshima Carp won three times 477 00:25:31,259 --> 00:25:28,899 in a recent year and uh yeah season so 478 00:25:34,860 --> 00:25:31,269 currently the Hiroshima copy is one of 479 00:25:39,480 --> 00:25:34,870 the best team in Japan and also I'm a 480 00:25:43,830 --> 00:25:39,490 fan of San Francisco Giants and Oakland 481 00:25:47,909 --> 00:25:43,840 eight because I stayed in us from 2004 482 00:25:51,899 --> 00:25:47,919 to 2005 and in Bay Area NASA Ames is 483 00:25:56,369 --> 00:25:51,909 located in a bay area so I frequently 484 00:26:00,409 --> 00:25:56,379 went to the baseball park to see the 485 00:26:04,769 --> 00:26:00,419 games of San Francisco Giants and AIDS 486 00:26:05,460 --> 00:26:04,779 that's a really good my memory yeah no 487 00:26:07,710 --> 00:26:05,470 that's awesome 488 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:07,720 I was I was fortunate I just saw our 489 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:09,610 walk past at least at the San Francisco 490 00:26:13,110 --> 00:26:12,490 Giants Stadium while visiting my co-host 491 00:26:15,269 --> 00:26:13,120 on Joyce 492 00:26:18,419 --> 00:26:15,279 out in San Francisco it looked like a 493 00:26:21,239 --> 00:26:18,429 very beautiful place so before we open 494 00:26:22,470 --> 00:26:21,249 it up to the audience questions let's 495 00:26:25,739 --> 00:26:22,480 let's just talk a little bit about some 496 00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:25,749 hypotheticals what do you think is the 497 00:26:30,509 --> 00:26:28,570 most likely place outside of Earth in 498 00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:30,519 our solar system where we might find 499 00:26:39,899 --> 00:26:35,710 alien life so you mean that the living 500 00:26:43,350 --> 00:26:39,909 life or fall sale of life with which it 501 00:26:44,730 --> 00:26:43,360 um let's say either do you think there's 502 00:26:48,629 --> 00:26:44,740 another world in our solar system that 503 00:26:53,220 --> 00:26:48,639 likely had or has life hmm yeah I think 504 00:26:57,060 --> 00:26:53,230 the there are multiple locations that 505 00:26:59,519 --> 00:26:57,070 can hover like for example the Saturn's 506 00:27:03,090 --> 00:26:59,529 moon Enceladus and you can see from your 507 00:27:06,509 --> 00:27:03,100 offer those these two icy moons would be 508 00:27:11,669 --> 00:27:06,519 the best place to look for living life 509 00:27:15,269 --> 00:27:11,679 because these two moons are having look 510 00:27:17,399 --> 00:27:15,279 at water and possibly organics and the 511 00:27:20,909 --> 00:27:17,409 energy that these three things are 512 00:27:25,259 --> 00:27:20,919 really important for habitability alive 513 00:27:27,570 --> 00:27:25,269 and answered it meets these ingredient 514 00:27:31,619 --> 00:27:27,580 three ingredients for life so I think 515 00:27:39,210 --> 00:27:31,629 the n sodas and Europa will be the best 516 00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:39,220 price to find the living the the country 517 00:27:46,350 --> 00:27:42,970 to finding life is that those far from 518 00:27:49,710 --> 00:27:46,360 our planet so we need to send a large 519 00:27:52,830 --> 00:27:49,720 spacecraft and it if we want to confirm 520 00:27:58,080 --> 00:27:52,840 the living life we need some sample 521 00:28:02,039 --> 00:27:58,090 return from those icy wars so the sample 522 00:28:04,080 --> 00:28:02,049 return would be really technically high 523 00:28:08,669 --> 00:28:04,090 barrier and then also high cost 524 00:28:11,940 --> 00:28:08,679 so yeah the the one of the main issue 525 00:28:15,239 --> 00:28:11,950 and if we talk about the the fossil of 526 00:28:19,049 --> 00:28:15,249 life the we should go to Mars the mores 527 00:28:22,730 --> 00:28:19,059 worse habitable forests the many lines 528 00:28:26,090 --> 00:28:22,740 of geological your chemical evidence 529 00:28:27,180 --> 00:28:26,100 strongly suggests that the most worse 530 00:28:30,420 --> 00:28:27,190 one 531 00:28:34,860 --> 00:28:30,430 habitable which means this promit had 532 00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:34,870 liquid water organics and also energy so 533 00:28:43,020 --> 00:28:38,050 if the contrary count mercey it's very 534 00:28:47,670 --> 00:28:43,030 dry and very cold but if we try to find 535 00:28:52,520 --> 00:28:47,680 the fossil of life we should go to Mars 536 00:28:59,520 --> 00:28:52,530 so Mars could provide very fundamental 537 00:29:02,520 --> 00:28:59,530 information on on the the how light beam 538 00:29:04,890 --> 00:29:02,530 on the planetary body it would be very 539 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:04,900 essential to understand the origin of 540 00:29:11,460 --> 00:29:07,330 life on Earth because the currently 541 00:29:14,670 --> 00:29:11,470 there are almost no evidence of what 542 00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:14,680 kind of environment supports the bars 543 00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:18,910 and our evolution of life on Earth but 544 00:29:25,050 --> 00:29:21,370 those evidence can be found on Mars so 545 00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:25,060 most very important prize to know not 546 00:29:30,890 --> 00:29:27,490 only the extraterrestrial life but also 547 00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:30,900 the origin of life on Earth 548 00:29:38,130 --> 00:29:34,510 interesting yeah so maybe along those 549 00:29:41,850 --> 00:29:38,140 lines if someone gave you unlimited 550 00:29:48,210 --> 00:29:41,860 money to send a mission anywhere you 551 00:29:50,790 --> 00:29:48,220 wanted to where would you send it yeah I 552 00:29:54,750 --> 00:29:50,800 want to send a spacecraft to Enceladus 553 00:29:58,200 --> 00:29:54,760 and also Titan Titan is my favorite 554 00:30:01,680 --> 00:29:58,210 place because yeah the Titan has a look 555 00:30:04,620 --> 00:30:01,690 at methane on the surface like if 556 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:04,630 methane break maintained ocean on the 557 00:30:09,120 --> 00:30:06,970 southwest those are really exotic phrase 558 00:30:12,090 --> 00:30:09,130 I don't know whether those kind of 559 00:30:15,180 --> 00:30:12,100 conditions suitable for life but if the 560 00:30:18,180 --> 00:30:15,190 Titans really exotic phrase weather yeah 561 00:30:21,300 --> 00:30:18,190 and answered us is really good price to 562 00:30:25,740 --> 00:30:21,310 find life so I want to do the sample 563 00:30:29,580 --> 00:30:25,750 eight emission from Enceladus awesome 564 00:30:31,260 --> 00:30:29,590 thank you so yes I am up not to our 565 00:30:33,510 --> 00:30:31,270 audience to ask questions 566 00:30:35,700 --> 00:30:33,520 just a reminder use hash tag ask Astro 567 00:30:37,890 --> 00:30:35,710 bio on Twitter or ask the questions 568 00:30:39,780 --> 00:30:37,900 directly in the chat from Sagan net org 569 00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:39,790 or in the NASA Astrobiology Facebook 570 00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:41,090 page 571 00:30:45,160 --> 00:30:42,710 but let's just start seeing what the 572 00:30:47,890 --> 00:30:45,170 audience wants to know so our first 573 00:30:50,770 --> 00:30:47,900 question comes from user Astra bio times 574 00:30:53,980 --> 00:30:50,780 who was our ambassador of this month and 575 00:30:57,760 --> 00:30:53,990 they asked what career path would you 576 00:31:00,670 --> 00:30:57,770 suggest to young people from from other 577 00:31:02,860 --> 00:31:00,680 places in the world maybe specifically 578 00:31:04,740 --> 00:31:02,870 to those places where astrobiology isn't 579 00:31:06,550 --> 00:31:04,750 really a well-developed field of study 580 00:31:08,650 --> 00:31:06,560 so there are some countries where 581 00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:08,660 astrobiology isn't available as a course 582 00:31:14,050 --> 00:31:11,170 in college maybe there aren't as many 583 00:31:16,060 --> 00:31:14,060 astrobiologists working what would you 584 00:31:19,660 --> 00:31:16,070 suggest for young people who want to 585 00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:19,670 study astrobiology from those places hmm 586 00:31:30,580 --> 00:31:23,210 yeah that's a really good question yeah 587 00:31:33,940 --> 00:31:30,590 I have no clear answer but it even today 588 00:31:39,550 --> 00:31:33,950 I have been receiving the email or 589 00:31:44,530 --> 00:31:39,560 letter from the other countries the food 590 00:31:50,020 --> 00:31:44,540 won't land astrobiology in Japan or yeah 591 00:31:52,540 --> 00:31:50,030 in LC LC is my appellation but so those 592 00:31:57,310 --> 00:31:52,550 are kind of keeping the contacting with 593 00:32:03,340 --> 00:31:57,320 the researcher is I think very important 594 00:32:07,510 --> 00:32:03,350 and yeah okay awesome yeah sounds like a 595 00:32:16,120 --> 00:32:07,520 good starting advice show I would just 596 00:32:20,980 --> 00:32:17,560 so we have another question from 597 00:32:24,970 --> 00:32:20,990 Elizabeth Tasker and Elizabeth wants to 598 00:32:29,740 --> 00:32:24,980 know if we find life on one of these icy 599 00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:29,750 moons how close would that life be to 600 00:32:36,010 --> 00:32:33,710 life here on earth say compared with 601 00:32:38,290 --> 00:32:36,020 finding life on Mars or somewhere closer 602 00:32:42,430 --> 00:32:38,300 but specifically a place like Enceladus 603 00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:42,440 or Europa how similar would it be hmm 604 00:32:48,940 --> 00:32:45,110 that's a really interesting question and 605 00:32:51,190 --> 00:32:48,950 I want to know the answer so that's a 606 00:32:53,039 --> 00:32:51,200 reason why I need to sample it down 607 00:32:58,229 --> 00:32:53,049 better I 608 00:33:00,350 --> 00:32:58,239 the availability of the bio essential 609 00:33:05,180 --> 00:33:00,360 elements such as carbon nitrogen 610 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:05,190 phosphorus sulfur and oxygen doesn't 611 00:33:14,519 --> 00:33:09,850 deflate between the ours and icy moons 612 00:33:18,930 --> 00:33:14,529 so I think the especially the transports 613 00:33:19,499 --> 00:33:18,940 may be depleted in icy body compared 614 00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:19,509 with ours 615 00:33:25,619 --> 00:33:22,090 the ours Rock contained a laboratory 616 00:33:30,810 --> 00:33:25,629 high abundance of phosphorous compared 617 00:33:33,210 --> 00:33:30,820 with the rock in icy moons so that we 618 00:33:37,320 --> 00:33:33,220 can use phosphorus so DNA contained a 619 00:33:42,619 --> 00:33:37,330 phosphorus or yeah we need phosphorous 620 00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:42,629 every day but on life on Enceladus or 621 00:33:51,060 --> 00:33:49,090 Europa may not be healing the phosphorus 622 00:33:58,129 --> 00:33:51,070 because the phosphorous may be depleted 623 00:34:03,239 --> 00:33:58,139 in those products so they may not use 624 00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:03,249 DNA or RNA because of the depletion of 625 00:34:10,399 --> 00:34:06,570 phosphorus so that 626 00:34:13,159 --> 00:34:10,409 a large difference between us live 627 00:34:15,559 --> 00:34:13,169 structure and I see monster oxygen 628 00:34:19,460 --> 00:34:15,569 that's my opening about it yeah we need 629 00:34:23,409 --> 00:34:19,470 to check this possibility interesting so 630 00:34:30,589 --> 00:34:23,419 the sample attend and yeah if there is 631 00:34:33,500 --> 00:34:30,599 no life or lifeless satellite it gonna 632 00:34:36,559 --> 00:34:33,510 be very it's really very interesting to 633 00:34:37,819 --> 00:34:36,569 me so Enceladus is a habitable place 634 00:34:41,240 --> 00:34:37,829 yeah 635 00:34:44,089 --> 00:34:41,250 the it contain delicate water organics 636 00:34:47,329 --> 00:34:44,099 and energy so it's habitable but if we 637 00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:47,339 find in the future the answer does it's 638 00:34:53,780 --> 00:34:51,510 lifeless satellite it's really important 639 00:34:58,309 --> 00:34:53,790 and interesting so we need to think 640 00:35:03,550 --> 00:34:58,319 about why the top of the Enceladus is 641 00:35:08,030 --> 00:35:03,560 lifeless despite of it habitable so it 642 00:35:12,559 --> 00:35:08,040 could tell us about some insight into it 643 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:12,569 worried the real requirement for the 644 00:35:19,700 --> 00:35:17,010 origin of life so we need to find many 645 00:35:22,309 --> 00:35:19,710 habitable phrases in the solar system 646 00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:22,319 and we need to check whether diesel 647 00:35:29,569 --> 00:35:25,770 really like or they're all lifeless 648 00:35:33,980 --> 00:35:29,579 planet so that would provide the what 649 00:35:38,089 --> 00:35:33,990 kind of the factors or a component 650 00:35:43,460 --> 00:35:38,099 necessary to emerge life on the plot a 651 00:35:47,390 --> 00:35:43,470 body hmm very interesting so the next 652 00:35:49,430 --> 00:35:47,400 question comes from vol dr Chara from 653 00:35:50,870 --> 00:35:49,440 Twitter and it's kind of a similar 654 00:35:54,290 --> 00:35:50,880 question which is why we have it here I 655 00:35:58,550 --> 00:35:54,300 suppose if there is a chemo autotrophic 656 00:36:00,290 --> 00:35:58,560 life in Enceladus is ocean is it 657 00:36:03,859 --> 00:36:00,300 possible that there might also then be 658 00:36:06,950 --> 00:36:03,869 larger trophic chains or food webs of 659 00:36:12,050 --> 00:36:06,960 organisms an ecology or that we should 660 00:36:15,319 --> 00:36:12,060 look at or look for hmm yeah within the 661 00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:15,329 answer this the energy can be formed by 662 00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:17,490 the hydrothermal reaction the 663 00:36:20,329 --> 00:36:19,050 hydrothermal reaction is a high 664 00:36:23,660 --> 00:36:20,339 temperature 665 00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:23,670 water of reactions that produce the 666 00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:30,690 hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen h2 is food 667 00:36:40,700 --> 00:36:35,910 for microbial life to produce methane or 668 00:36:44,690 --> 00:36:40,710 to produce hydrogen sulfide but to make 669 00:36:46,339 --> 00:36:44,700 a large ecosystem or complex life the we 670 00:36:50,779 --> 00:36:46,349 need more oxidant 671 00:36:55,099 --> 00:36:50,789 the hot hydrogen eats reductant and the 672 00:36:58,009 --> 00:36:55,109 we need oxygen so these two difference 673 00:37:01,999 --> 00:36:58,019 in a chemical difference in ER having 674 00:37:05,420 --> 00:37:02,009 chemical potential provide and control 675 00:37:07,759 --> 00:37:05,430 the sides of life so we have hydrogen 676 00:37:12,109 --> 00:37:07,769 with an answer this which is the 677 00:37:16,099 --> 00:37:12,119 strongest reduction within answer this 678 00:37:20,170 --> 00:37:16,109 so if we have strong oxidants such as 679 00:37:23,719 --> 00:37:20,180 oxygen ozone or hydrogen peroxide 680 00:37:27,079 --> 00:37:23,729 there's going to be a large potential so 681 00:37:31,759 --> 00:37:27,089 if we have these two extreme slip strong 682 00:37:37,789 --> 00:37:31,769 oxidant and reductant that can maintain 683 00:37:40,069 --> 00:37:37,799 the complex life or a complex system so 684 00:37:43,039 --> 00:37:40,079 but we still don't know that we have 685 00:37:46,759 --> 00:37:43,049 hydrogen with ena answer this better we 686 00:37:50,359 --> 00:37:46,769 have almost no idea about the what kind 687 00:37:54,979 --> 00:37:50,369 of oxidants are available in Solace so 688 00:37:58,099 --> 00:37:54,989 country we found co2 carbon dioxide so 689 00:38:00,920 --> 00:37:58,109 those potential it's not so large so 690 00:38:06,410 --> 00:38:00,930 currently we I consider that the complex 691 00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:06,420 life or complex ecosystem cannot be I 692 00:38:12,529 --> 00:38:09,930 mean maintained with an N so this but if 693 00:38:16,339 --> 00:38:12,539 we can find it strong oxidants within 694 00:38:20,509 --> 00:38:16,349 Enceladus the kind of complex life or 695 00:38:25,609 --> 00:38:20,519 complex X system could be yeah could 696 00:38:27,170 --> 00:38:25,619 could have a birth interesting so what 697 00:38:30,769 --> 00:38:27,180 would we need to do to figure out what 698 00:38:33,890 --> 00:38:30,779 other oxidants might be present for that 699 00:38:35,390 --> 00:38:33,900 to occur in Enceladus um is the 700 00:38:39,470 --> 00:38:35,400 specific instrument that would be best 701 00:38:43,310 --> 00:38:39,480 to send there yeah the the oxidants are 702 00:38:46,880 --> 00:38:43,320 usually formed on the surface of icy 703 00:38:50,630 --> 00:38:46,890 body through the solar UV radiation the 704 00:38:54,290 --> 00:38:50,640 solar UV radiation associated h2o ice 705 00:38:58,040 --> 00:38:54,300 and hydrogen escaped to the space and 706 00:39:02,600 --> 00:38:58,050 oxygen living on the surface so if we 707 00:39:06,670 --> 00:39:02,610 can find you or awesome or hydrogen 708 00:39:09,170 --> 00:39:06,680 peroxide h2o2 on the surface and those 709 00:39:13,850 --> 00:39:09,180 oxidant on the surface could be 710 00:39:16,490 --> 00:39:13,860 eventually I mean entered into the 711 00:39:21,670 --> 00:39:16,500 subsurface ocean so that the recycling 712 00:39:26,510 --> 00:39:21,680 of the surface icy surface so the key 713 00:39:28,580 --> 00:39:26,520 measurement is the ya keep key 714 00:39:34,370 --> 00:39:28,590 measurement is the analysis of the 715 00:39:39,140 --> 00:39:34,380 surface icy materials on Enceladus that 716 00:39:41,510 --> 00:39:39,150 is same for Europa that seems very 717 00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:41,520 promising then since it's much easier to 718 00:39:48,110 --> 00:39:47,610 access the outside yeah the inside so to 719 00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:48,120 move it along 720 00:39:53,060 --> 00:39:50,010 our next question actually comes from my 721 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:53,070 co-host from dr. Sanjoy Psalm and this 722 00:39:57,290 --> 00:39:55,290 kind of go back goes back to when you 723 00:39:59,270 --> 00:39:57,300 were discussing whether or not we could 724 00:40:01,010 --> 00:39:59,280 learn more about the origin of life that 725 00:40:02,990 --> 00:40:01,020 the necessary ingredients for the origin 726 00:40:06,380 --> 00:40:03,000 of life and instead us 727 00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:06,390 so dr. Psalm asks do you think that all 728 00:40:11,270 --> 00:40:08,190 the or do you think that all the Indians 729 00:40:15,170 --> 00:40:11,280 for the origin of life stem from one 730 00:40:16,730 --> 00:40:15,180 specific kind of environment or is the 731 00:40:20,870 --> 00:40:16,740 origin of life possible from ingredients 732 00:40:23,930 --> 00:40:20,880 from from many environments hmm yeah 733 00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:23,940 that's a really yeah interesting and a 734 00:40:34,040 --> 00:40:30,930 good question I think the mmm 735 00:40:37,550 --> 00:40:34,050 the cycle of materials is very important 736 00:40:41,930 --> 00:40:37,560 the only in the one part we cannot make 737 00:40:46,150 --> 00:40:41,940 life because the in a one part that the 738 00:40:47,770 --> 00:40:46,160 materials always within this environment 739 00:40:57,520 --> 00:40:47,780 so 740 00:41:03,660 --> 00:40:57,530 example oxidant from the atmosphere to 741 00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:03,670 this region and Redux tax from the thief 742 00:41:12,190 --> 00:41:09,200 class or the deep-sea area to one price 743 00:41:16,750 --> 00:41:12,200 so the saturation is very important so 744 00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:16,760 yeah I think we need to consider the 745 00:41:24,550 --> 00:41:19,490 what kind of hydrological cycle material 746 00:41:27,940 --> 00:41:24,560 cycles or occurring on re ours it could 747 00:41:31,930 --> 00:41:27,950 provide the some yeah chemical product 748 00:41:36,910 --> 00:41:31,940 to unfreeze where the life can be formed 749 00:41:39,640 --> 00:41:36,920 so yeah I think the mmm the multiple 750 00:41:42,970 --> 00:41:39,650 environment would be boring but the more 751 00:41:47,820 --> 00:41:42,980 important thing is how connect those the 752 00:41:50,860 --> 00:41:47,830 multiple environments on re ours 753 00:41:52,390 --> 00:41:50,870 interesting and so there was a very cool 754 00:41:54,780 --> 00:41:52,400 take on it 755 00:41:58,090 --> 00:41:54,790 our next question comes from Tony Jia 756 00:42:00,220 --> 00:41:58,100 and Tony asks since you have been to so 757 00:42:03,430 --> 00:42:00,230 many interesting and extreme 758 00:42:07,320 --> 00:42:03,440 environments on earth what was the most 759 00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:07,330 interesting place that you've been to a 760 00:42:14,770 --> 00:42:11,410 mic barrier and in a path yeah yeah yeah 761 00:42:16,270 --> 00:42:14,780 yeah let's open up the whole way and say 762 00:42:19,960 --> 00:42:16,280 say in general what's the most 763 00:42:24,580 --> 00:42:19,970 interesting place I want to go to 764 00:42:28,180 --> 00:42:24,590 Antarctica yeah that's my one dream and 765 00:42:32,890 --> 00:42:28,190 yeah those conditions are also same - 766 00:42:37,060 --> 00:42:32,900 also very similar to re more current 767 00:42:40,920 --> 00:42:37,070 mode so yeah I want to go to the extreme 768 00:42:45,580 --> 00:42:40,930 environments yeah very cold in the arm 769 00:42:50,160 --> 00:42:45,590 yeah yeah I'd love to yeah more is 770 00:42:54,430 --> 00:42:50,170 really cool - right yeah especially in 771 00:42:58,680 --> 00:42:54,440 summer the immemorial the basically very 772 00:43:01,720 --> 00:42:58,690 dry throughout the year but only August 773 00:43:05,830 --> 00:43:01,730 July rainy season due to 774 00:43:08,890 --> 00:43:05,840 Arjun Muslim that when I went to Moorea 775 00:43:12,460 --> 00:43:08,900 in this season the ground really 776 00:43:21,499 --> 00:43:16,779 October or September the the grandeur 777 00:43:26,480 --> 00:43:21,509 very Brown dark and really alley but if 778 00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:26,490 only in the summer the clean the ground 779 00:43:33,819 --> 00:43:30,410 are everywhere and yeah just a really 780 00:43:37,339 --> 00:43:33,829 yeah beautiful place and I believe that 781 00:43:39,079 --> 00:43:37,349 yeah you can yeah if you go to Memorial 782 00:43:41,359 --> 00:43:39,089 in the summer season you can see the 783 00:43:44,150 --> 00:43:41,369 horror of the crane or over the year 784 00:43:48,559 --> 00:43:44,160 Butte and I think the memorial is a one 785 00:43:51,319 --> 00:43:48,569 of the brace closest to the heaven it's 786 00:43:56,269 --> 00:43:51,329 a high price and that I can see only sky 787 00:43:59,059 --> 00:43:56,279 blue and the green ground so yeah I like 788 00:44:01,400 --> 00:43:59,069 that yeah it's awesome 789 00:44:05,180 --> 00:44:01,410 yeah but my dream is go to the 790 00:44:08,210 --> 00:44:05,190 Antarctica and very cool yeah you sold 791 00:44:11,299 --> 00:44:08,220 me a Mongolia I have to go now our next 792 00:44:12,620 --> 00:44:11,309 question comes from Elizabeth Hutton one 793 00:44:17,210 --> 00:44:12,630 of our winners from this week for our 794 00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:17,220 background quiz and Elizabeth asked how 795 00:44:22,609 --> 00:44:19,410 would you respond if somebody were to 796 00:44:27,339 --> 00:44:22,619 come up to you and ask what are you 797 00:44:30,819 --> 00:44:27,349 doing to help the future of Earth Oh 798 00:44:37,220 --> 00:44:30,829 help the future arse 799 00:44:40,390 --> 00:44:37,230 hmm in terms of astrobiology or a my um 800 00:44:41,630 --> 00:44:40,400 she didn't say so let's just say yes 801 00:44:44,660 --> 00:44:41,640 okay 802 00:44:46,999 --> 00:44:44,670 I think the mmm 803 00:44:51,279 --> 00:44:47,009 the important thing is that if we find 804 00:44:55,279 --> 00:44:51,289 life in the solar system or beyond 805 00:44:59,120 --> 00:44:55,289 whichever is the very tiny of the year 806 00:45:01,640 --> 00:44:59,130 or complex life it could tell us that 807 00:45:04,430 --> 00:45:01,650 that we are not alone in the universe 808 00:45:07,849 --> 00:45:04,440 and we are not special in the universe 809 00:45:11,410 --> 00:45:07,859 also the way we mean that the Earth's 810 00:45:15,700 --> 00:45:11,420 life is at one of one one big family 811 00:45:22,640 --> 00:45:15,710 those kind of concept is very important 812 00:45:24,980 --> 00:45:22,650 to in a upcoming very difficult age of 813 00:45:28,490 --> 00:45:24,990 ours that if we 814 00:45:31,370 --> 00:45:28,500 can really understand the odds life is 815 00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:31,380 one become family it gonna change our 816 00:45:39,980 --> 00:45:36,450 words so I think the the yeah body of 817 00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:39,990 the astrobiology may be to realize 818 00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:44,970 ourselves as a one family so yeah that's 819 00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:51,210 it that only yeah yeah that's a yes sir 820 00:45:56,900 --> 00:45:54,810 biology can do this but other science 821 00:46:00,770 --> 00:45:56,910 for example I don't know that the 822 00:46:01,640 --> 00:46:00,780 chemistry or mathematics may not be able 823 00:46:04,190 --> 00:46:01,650 to do this 824 00:46:07,520 --> 00:46:04,200 the astrobiology only can tell us its 825 00:46:11,780 --> 00:46:07,530 new console I mean provided us this 826 00:46:14,540 --> 00:46:11,790 concept so I think that the survivors 827 00:46:17,420 --> 00:46:14,550 you may not be able to really support 828 00:46:21,890 --> 00:46:17,430 our life in the future but it can change 829 00:46:26,660 --> 00:46:21,900 your concept or out view that's a I 830 00:46:31,579 --> 00:46:26,670 think the more important down the some 831 00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:31,589 technique or technology it's awesome 832 00:46:36,109 --> 00:46:33,810 yeah so I'm not sure if you've heard of 833 00:46:37,730 --> 00:46:36,119 the overview effect this is what 834 00:46:39,920 --> 00:46:37,740 astronauts feel when they go to space 835 00:46:41,960 --> 00:46:39,930 and they look back down and they see the 836 00:46:44,930 --> 00:46:41,970 earth and they they feel this this 837 00:46:47,530 --> 00:46:44,940 awareness of us as a family on earth as 838 00:46:50,510 --> 00:46:47,540 you mentioned so I have a fun question 839 00:46:53,810 --> 00:46:50,520 if you had the chance to go to space 840 00:46:55,339 --> 00:46:53,820 would you take it and and what do you 841 00:47:01,300 --> 00:46:55,349 think you would feel looking back at the 842 00:47:04,370 --> 00:47:01,310 earth I mean if I go to the spice and 843 00:47:05,870 --> 00:47:04,380 yeah in the back how do you how do you 844 00:47:10,640 --> 00:47:05,880 think you would feel looking back at the 845 00:47:13,280 --> 00:47:10,650 earth I have no idea about it yeah I 846 00:47:19,940 --> 00:47:13,290 want to go to space that's a my out of 847 00:47:23,290 --> 00:47:19,950 the dream but yeah I I think yeah yeah I 848 00:47:27,410 --> 00:47:23,300 also feel that the arse is the one 849 00:47:32,730 --> 00:47:27,420 planet and we are living one price so 850 00:47:34,410 --> 00:47:32,740 yeah we're well family yeah awesome 851 00:47:37,050 --> 00:47:34,420 that's kind of fitting with with the 852 00:47:39,359 --> 00:47:37,060 person who asked our next question dr. 853 00:47:42,780 --> 00:47:39,369 Jim Pass who runs the Astra sociological 854 00:47:47,280 --> 00:47:42,790 research institute and dr. Paz quants to 855 00:47:49,740 --> 00:47:47,290 know what does the ubiquity of life on 856 00:47:52,260 --> 00:47:49,750 Earth tell us about the possibility 857 00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:52,270 bility for life elsewhere in the solar 858 00:47:57,270 --> 00:47:55,210 system and maybe more specifically what 859 00:48:04,500 --> 00:47:57,280 are your thoughts about the idea of 860 00:48:06,839 --> 00:48:04,510 panspermia hmm yeah I'm supportive of 861 00:48:09,680 --> 00:48:06,849 pants Bill Maher especially from ours 862 00:48:13,589 --> 00:48:09,690 and the malls we have we have already 863 00:48:15,780 --> 00:48:13,599 many multimedia light and if we 864 00:48:17,640 --> 00:48:15,790 investigate the Martian metal like the 865 00:48:22,890 --> 00:48:17,650 interior of Martian meteorite is not so 866 00:48:26,940 --> 00:48:22,900 very I mean it does not experience I can 867 00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:26,950 pursue over high pressure so them the 868 00:48:34,770 --> 00:48:29,710 exchange of materials between Earth and 869 00:48:39,329 --> 00:48:34,780 Mars possibly occurs even today and also 870 00:48:42,589 --> 00:48:39,339 more frequently in re stages of the 871 00:48:51,270 --> 00:48:42,599 solar system so I think the ORS and Mars 872 00:48:57,329 --> 00:48:51,280 may be yeah may have similar a lifetime 873 00:49:01,820 --> 00:48:57,339 so yeah I think the weekend yeah I mean 874 00:49:06,720 --> 00:49:01,830 consider the Earth's life type as a 875 00:49:10,950 --> 00:49:06,730 standard to look for the life on Mars 876 00:49:13,290 --> 00:49:10,960 but icy moons such as Europa Enceladus 877 00:49:17,490 --> 00:49:13,300 it's really difficult to exchange 878 00:49:20,280 --> 00:49:17,500 material between our planets and those 879 00:49:23,579 --> 00:49:20,290 icy bodies so that we need to think 880 00:49:29,790 --> 00:49:23,589 about the wide range of possibility to 881 00:49:30,960 --> 00:49:29,800 find life for these icy moons the devil 882 00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:30,970 didn't answer the question 883 00:49:36,359 --> 00:49:33,910 yes I believe so let's ask another 884 00:49:39,810 --> 00:49:36,369 question this one is from Facebook from 885 00:49:41,880 --> 00:49:39,820 user Steven Weber and Steven so the 886 00:49:44,970 --> 00:49:41,890 question was what are American PhD 887 00:49:46,260 --> 00:49:44,980 student prospects for study in Japan but 888 00:49:49,380 --> 00:49:46,270 I'd like to bra 889 00:49:52,650 --> 00:49:49,390 the question a little bit and ask what 890 00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:52,660 are the opportunities for students PhD 891 00:49:59,040 --> 00:49:55,810 students and and Beyond from other 892 00:50:03,420 --> 00:49:59,050 countries to come and work in Japan for 893 00:50:06,750 --> 00:50:03,430 LC or just in Japan in general yeah I 894 00:50:10,590 --> 00:50:06,760 think yeah conducting the people are 895 00:50:14,310 --> 00:50:10,600 really important and to do this we need 896 00:50:15,030 --> 00:50:14,320 to first know the for doing what kind of 897 00:50:19,620 --> 00:50:15,040 research 898 00:50:22,980 --> 00:50:19,630 so if yeah the students are interested 899 00:50:27,720 --> 00:50:22,990 know some research topic they may read a 900 00:50:33,090 --> 00:50:27,730 newspaper magazine or web then they can 901 00:50:36,720 --> 00:50:33,100 go more deep in today the what kind of 902 00:50:38,790 --> 00:50:36,730 research are those researcher doing 903 00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:38,800 through the web or through the magazine 904 00:50:43,980 --> 00:50:41,410 and then they can gather information 905 00:50:47,160 --> 00:50:43,990 through not only through the web but 906 00:50:49,260 --> 00:50:47,170 also from paper something so yeah I 907 00:50:52,730 --> 00:50:49,270 think the the communication is very 908 00:50:57,620 --> 00:50:52,740 important and country the we can have a 909 00:51:02,490 --> 00:50:57,630 communication much more easier than the 910 00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:02,500 than the past so yeah I think they're 911 00:51:09,540 --> 00:51:06,610 sending the email or calling in the 912 00:51:12,470 --> 00:51:09,550 office already yeah a good way to 913 00:51:14,900 --> 00:51:12,480 communicate with the researchers and 914 00:51:19,170 --> 00:51:14,910 here doing the research in other 915 00:51:20,730 --> 00:51:19,180 countries mm-hmm awesome yeah we really 916 00:51:23,190 --> 00:51:20,740 are very connected this day these days 917 00:51:24,450 --> 00:51:23,200 on our planet I mean our show has 918 00:51:26,850 --> 00:51:24,460 audience members from around the world 919 00:51:30,120 --> 00:51:26,860 who watch and tune in and it's great for 920 00:51:31,770 --> 00:51:30,130 us to be able to connect in this way so 921 00:51:34,980 --> 00:51:31,780 let's go to another Facebook question 922 00:51:37,440 --> 00:51:34,990 here this one from Tom Caruso so Tom 923 00:51:40,890 --> 00:51:37,450 wants to know if you think that cold 924 00:51:44,550 --> 00:51:40,900 ocean waters favored life formation over 925 00:51:48,060 --> 00:51:44,560 warm ocean waters so like the ability to 926 00:51:51,140 --> 00:51:48,070 hold gases changes in pH the 927 00:51:53,250 --> 00:51:51,150 availability of minerals and iron so 928 00:51:54,660 --> 00:51:53,260 what does that what kind of implication 929 00:51:56,650 --> 00:51:54,670 does that have then for places like 930 00:51:58,210 --> 00:51:56,660 Enceladus and Europa 931 00:52:02,020 --> 00:51:58,220 on the temperature of the fluids 932 00:52:05,020 --> 00:52:02,030 themselves hmm the low low temperature 933 00:52:09,390 --> 00:52:05,030 is for the stability of some organic 934 00:52:12,400 --> 00:52:09,400 materials so in terms of the life 935 00:52:14,440 --> 00:52:12,410 lifetime survivability of complex 936 00:52:15,549 --> 00:52:14,450 organic materials the low temperature 937 00:52:18,099 --> 00:52:15,559 will be with it 938 00:52:21,279 --> 00:52:18,109 but in a low temperature the chemical 939 00:52:24,490 --> 00:52:21,289 reactions are also slow so it may be a 940 00:52:27,370 --> 00:52:24,500 trade-off between the life required 941 00:52:29,770 --> 00:52:27,380 conference organic materials but those 942 00:52:32,549 --> 00:52:29,780 are in a high temperature 943 00:52:35,680 --> 00:52:32,559 those are relatively easy easily 944 00:52:37,839 --> 00:52:35,690 destroyed but if we can get the more 945 00:52:42,549 --> 00:52:37,849 energy at the high temperature so we can 946 00:52:44,890 --> 00:52:42,559 fix the compressed organic materials but 947 00:52:47,349 --> 00:52:44,900 in a low temperature this already 948 00:52:50,020 --> 00:52:47,359 I mean complex organics are really 949 00:52:54,690 --> 00:52:50,030 stable but we can get only small amount 950 00:52:58,289 --> 00:52:54,700 of energy so it may be a trade-off so I 951 00:53:01,180 --> 00:52:58,299 do not have clear answer whether the the 952 00:53:04,779 --> 00:53:01,190 very low temperature such as del degree 953 00:53:07,720 --> 00:53:04,789 Celsius would be good for the the origin 954 00:53:10,870 --> 00:53:07,730 of life or the evolution of life whether 955 00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:10,880 the the one thing I can say the low 956 00:53:23,700 --> 00:53:20,790 okay um so so you're involved with the 957 00:53:25,080 --> 00:53:23,710 the juice mission we also have Europa 958 00:53:27,990 --> 00:53:25,090 clipper that will launch here before 959 00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:28,000 long and go out to Europa with these 960 00:53:32,430 --> 00:53:30,010 missions give us the ability to better 961 00:53:33,800 --> 00:53:32,440 understand the temperature of Europa's 962 00:53:35,850 --> 00:53:33,810 ocean and maybe have a better 963 00:53:40,230 --> 00:53:35,860 understanding of if it's cold or if it's 964 00:53:42,060 --> 00:53:40,240 hot yeah I think so the yeah I just said 965 00:53:46,490 --> 00:53:42,070 I'm involved in the juice 966 00:53:51,470 --> 00:53:46,500 juicy icy moon Explorer led by ISA and 967 00:53:55,950 --> 00:53:51,480 also yeah Europa clipper is a very yeah 968 00:53:58,710 --> 00:53:55,960 nice mission to Europa and if we see the 969 00:54:01,830 --> 00:53:58,720 surface salt material or surface 970 00:54:04,170 --> 00:54:01,840 materials it could tell us about the 971 00:54:09,780 --> 00:54:04,180 what kind of the chemical composition of 972 00:54:12,350 --> 00:54:09,790 ocean of Europa or animated so the 973 00:54:15,960 --> 00:54:12,360 chemical composition of ocean is 974 00:54:18,990 --> 00:54:15,970 determined by the interaction with the 975 00:54:21,710 --> 00:54:19,000 rocky core on the seafloor 976 00:54:26,550 --> 00:54:21,720 so the chemical composition water 977 00:54:29,940 --> 00:54:26,560 reflects the interaction with the rocky 978 00:54:37,110 --> 00:54:29,950 ports so we can understand what kind of 979 00:54:40,220 --> 00:54:37,120 temperature at the deep sea floor it's 980 00:54:48,840 --> 00:54:45,540 tea-things so if we put if we have a tea 981 00:54:53,090 --> 00:54:48,850 leaves and we put very high temperature 982 00:54:57,750 --> 00:54:53,100 100 degrees hot water the we can get a 983 00:54:59,520 --> 00:54:57,760 tea but if we put the gel degree Celsius 984 00:55:02,700 --> 00:54:59,530 very low temperature low temperature 985 00:55:07,830 --> 00:55:02,710 water we can get a different type of T 986 00:55:09,780 --> 00:55:07,840 so if we taste this tea we can get some 987 00:55:12,750 --> 00:55:09,790 information of the what kind of 988 00:55:16,980 --> 00:55:12,760 temperature and how long the chemical 989 00:55:21,330 --> 00:55:16,990 reaction was going on in the ball of the 990 00:55:25,500 --> 00:55:21,340 sea so the exploration of the Europa's 991 00:55:28,700 --> 00:55:25,510 ocean composition is very I think very 992 00:55:31,180 --> 00:55:28,710 similar to the tasting tea and 993 00:55:34,339 --> 00:55:31,190 different types of teeth and we can 994 00:55:39,349 --> 00:55:34,349 understand what kind of the leaf tea 995 00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:39,359 leaves and what which temperatures those 996 00:55:46,250 --> 00:55:44,210 tear is brand yeah so I mean yeah 997 00:55:49,849 --> 00:55:46,260 understanding the chemical composition 998 00:55:53,569 --> 00:55:49,859 of the Southwest and the ocean is very 999 00:55:58,490 --> 00:55:53,579 critical to constraint the water of 1000 00:56:00,349 --> 00:55:58,500 reaction I have to admit the tea analogy 1001 00:56:02,839 --> 00:56:00,359 is now my favorite analogy for 1002 00:56:05,660 --> 00:56:02,849 understanding the composition of oceans 1003 00:56:08,299 --> 00:56:05,670 of these icy worlds so let's move to 1004 00:56:12,109 --> 00:56:08,309 another question this one comes from Jay 1005 00:56:16,670 --> 00:56:12,119 Weezy on Facebook and gay wants to now 1006 00:56:19,040 --> 00:56:16,680 go to our Moon and J wonders if our Moon 1007 00:56:22,370 --> 00:56:19,050 offers anything beneficial for your 1008 00:56:24,260 --> 00:56:22,380 research especially since there's 1009 00:56:26,240 --> 00:56:24,270 there's talk now of this tentative 1010 00:56:29,240 --> 00:56:26,250 return date for getting humans back to 1011 00:56:32,750 --> 00:56:29,250 the moon how does the moon fit into the 1012 00:56:36,170 --> 00:56:32,760 research that you're doing yeah moon is 1013 00:56:40,490 --> 00:56:36,180 very important price to test some 1014 00:56:44,089 --> 00:56:40,500 technology for example the landing and 1015 00:56:46,930 --> 00:56:44,099 also going back to this space happening 1016 00:56:52,460 --> 00:56:46,940 and also the lowering technique is 1017 00:56:56,569 --> 00:56:52,470 required to test so I think the moon our 1018 00:56:59,210 --> 00:56:56,579 moon is a really good place to test such 1019 00:57:05,059 --> 00:56:59,220 kind of the space exploration technology 1020 00:57:08,870 --> 00:57:05,069 so if we yeah did not have our moon it's 1021 00:57:12,530 --> 00:57:08,880 very difficult to do the technological 1022 00:57:18,430 --> 00:57:12,540 test so we are very lucky to have a moon 1023 00:57:21,470 --> 00:57:18,440 to have our room nice it's very cool 1024 00:57:22,970 --> 00:57:21,480 wrapping up now on time we only have a 1025 00:57:25,490 --> 00:57:22,980 couple of minutes left so before we 1026 00:57:27,319 --> 00:57:25,500 finish the episode I do want to know 1027 00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:27,329 what what are the next big steps in your 1028 00:57:32,349 --> 00:57:29,910 research what's the next big question 1029 00:57:37,130 --> 00:57:32,359 that you're trying to answer right now 1030 00:57:41,940 --> 00:57:37,140 yeah I want to answer the whether the 1031 00:57:44,430 --> 00:57:41,950 current Mars is habitable and you'll be 1032 00:57:47,010 --> 00:57:44,440 that the past Mars is habitable but we 1033 00:57:51,720 --> 00:57:47,020 have almost no idea whether the current 1034 00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:51,730 Mars has liquid water or a keep flying 1035 00:57:59,970 --> 00:57:56,410 and whether there's sufficient to 1036 00:58:04,310 --> 00:57:59,980 support life so I'm yeah I want to know 1037 00:58:08,970 --> 00:58:04,320 the what kind of the environment are 1038 00:58:13,140 --> 00:58:08,980 there are on current Mars and whether 1039 00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:13,150 they they're habitable suitable for life 1040 00:58:20,790 --> 00:58:16,810 so I want to investigate those things 1041 00:58:23,450 --> 00:58:20,800 through the space mission so I'm one of 1042 00:58:26,670 --> 00:58:23,460 the member of Jackson's next Mars 1043 00:58:31,130 --> 00:58:26,680 mission so in the next Mars mission by 1044 00:58:34,380 --> 00:58:31,140 JAXA I want to investigate the chemical 1045 00:58:37,230 --> 00:58:34,390 environment on current month you know 1046 00:58:39,569 --> 00:58:37,240 it's so cool I look forward to reading 1047 00:58:41,670 --> 00:58:39,579 about it in the future and for any young 1048 00:58:44,160 --> 00:58:41,680 people who are watching as dr. second 1049 00:58:45,990 --> 00:58:44,170 name is Ted reach out send them an email 1050 00:58:47,609 --> 00:58:46,000 send researchers emails who are doing 1051 00:58:50,490 --> 00:58:47,619 this stuff if that sounds interesting to 1052 00:58:52,530 --> 00:58:50,500 you so for all of our audience who are 1053 00:58:55,260 --> 00:58:52,540 watching we're gonna try something new 1054 00:58:57,510 --> 00:58:55,270 this month and start asking people at 1055 00:59:00,030 --> 00:58:57,520 the end of every of every episode to 1056 00:59:02,490 --> 00:59:00,040 answer a fun question about the 1057 00:59:13,280 --> 00:59:02,500 conversation we just had so that's going 1058 00:59:17,220 --> 00:59:15,540 Astrobiology heat the second thing thank 1059 00:59:19,680 --> 00:59:17,230 you very much for joining us for ask and 1060 00:59:20,520 --> 00:59:19,690 astrobiologists thank you has been a 1061 00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:20,530 pleasure having you 1062 00:59:23,520 --> 00:59:22,510 yeah I mean then to our audience at home 1063 00:59:24,690 --> 00:59:23,530 thank you very much